Photovoltaic materials are materials that convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. These materials are used in the production of solar cells, which are devices that can capture and convert sunlight into electrical energy. Photovoltaic materials can be made from a variety of different substances, including silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide. Research in this area focuses on developing new materials with improved efficiency and cost-effectiveness for use in solar energy applications. This research is important for advancing renewable energy technologies and reducing our reliance on fossil fuels.